快速組織托�？谡Z(yǔ)Task3定義的方法

托福改革后，原6題縮減為4題。新版本中綜合任務(wù)有三題，獨(dú)立任務(wù)僅保留一題。這個(gè)改變使綜合口語(yǔ)任務(wù)的分值順應(yīng)提高，因此，考生在備考時(shí)應(yīng)該更加重視綜合任務(wù)的訓(xùn)練。

在三題綜合任務(wù)中，許多同學(xué)認(rèn)為T(mén)ask3（原Task4）是考試中最難的一題，因?yàn)轭}目要求在限定時(shí)間（45秒）內(nèi)讀懂并記錄閱讀中對(duì)術(shù)語(yǔ)的定義，再聯(lián)系聽(tīng)力部分，理解教授的例子是如何闡釋術(shù)語(yǔ)。

本文針對(duì)閱讀部分定義，介紹一下快速閱讀和筆記的方法：

（一）要做到快速閱讀和理解，首先學(xué)生要明確自己的閱讀目的－找定義。

閱讀部分的內(nèi)容通常包含：1｝引入話(huà)題；2｝定義；3｝對(duì)定義的進(jìn)一步解釋和其他細(xì)節(jié)；學(xué)生要懂得區(qū)分及僅記下“定義”部分的內(nèi)容，然后利用剩余時(shí)間快速瀏覽（skimming）其余細(xì)節(jié)。但在教學(xué)過(guò)程中常會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些學(xué)生不懂得區(qū)分，錯(cuò)誤記下了引入話(huà)題的部分，還有些學(xué)生的筆記上記錄了很多細(xì)節(jié)卻依然不理解定義，針對(duì)這種情況，建議學(xué)生在練習(xí)時(shí)要學(xué)會(huì)分清楚內(nèi)容結(jié)構(gòu)，找準(zhǔn)包含定義的句子。

（二）在明確閱讀目的以后，學(xué)生需按照定義句的模版，將信息對(duì)號(hào)入座組織成公式化的句子。

定義句的模版由三部分組成，以下用TPO5作為例子加以說(shuō)明：

例：

Target Marketing （★）

Advertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to provide information about their products to large, general audiences; it was once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned toward target marketing（第一次出現(xiàn)）. Target marketing (★) is the strategy (S) of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences （定義句） –audiences that have been determined to have the greatest need or desire for the product being marketed. Target marketing has proved to be very effective in reaching potential customers.

1） ★詞 －被定義的詞

通常情況下就是標(biāo)題上的詞，但在文中第一次出現(xiàn)的位置不一定是定義所在的位置，如TPO5，Target marketing第一次出現(xiàn)的時(shí)候只是為了引入概念，而并未對(duì)它進(jìn)行定義，第二次出現(xiàn)此詞時(shí)才是定義句的位置。

2）S詞－概括詞

（常見(jiàn)概括詞有：phenomenon，technique，process，tendency，form，strategy，way等 ）

定義句：Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences中的strategy就是對(duì)于這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)的一詞概括，它讓我們明白Target Marketing是一個(gè)“strategy”策略，不是“phenomenon”，也不是“process”。

3）一個(gè)從句。

從句的內(nèi)容通常是對(duì)概括詞的補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明，使我們對(duì)術(shù)語(yǔ)有一個(gè)更清晰的認(rèn)識(shí)。從句不應(yīng)過(guò)長(zhǎng)，以TPO5為例，破折號(hào)后對(duì)于audiences的解釋無(wú)需包括在定義句中。

模版定義句格式：★ is S＋從句

再看TPO45：

Method of Loci

Special techniques, or memory devices, are often used to help us recall information. One technique, the method of loci (i.e., method of location), is particularly helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order. To use this technique, we first imagine a familiar place such as a building or an outdoor area. This familiar place should have a series of landmarks or locations within it that we can imagine walking past in a predictable, logical order. Once the landmarks have been identified in a given order, we assign one piece of the information that we want to later recall to each location. The information should be assigned in the order in which we want to remember it. To later recall the new information in order, we imagine walking through the familiar place, recalling what is stored at each location along the way.

此處提取定義信息：

1）★：Method of Loci

2）S：a technique

3）(從句)：(is helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order)

定義句子整理后為：

Method of Loci is a technique which is helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order.

（三）’known as’ （或called，termed）和有位置指示作用的’this’，’however’

1） ’known as’無(wú)疑當(dāng)選指示定義句位置的最強(qiáng)信號(hào)，在現(xiàn)有的TPO套題中，高頻出現(xiàn)了近20次。

如：

One process by which groups may make bad or irrational decisions is known as groupthink. （TPO1）

定義句整理后：Groupthink is a process by which groups may make bad and irrational decisions.

2）’known as’（或called，termed）還常常伴隨著’this’或’these’+S詞。在’this’或’these’＋S詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)，就需要聯(lián)系到前句的內(nèi)容，如：

In other words, the opinions we have of people or situations tend to be based much more on the first information we learn about them than on information we learn later. This tendency is called the primacy effect. （TPO 41）

在這兩句話(huà)中，’This tendency’實(shí)際就是對(duì)前句的總結(jié)，因此定義句整理后為：

The primacy effect(★) is the tendency (S) that the opinion we have of people or situations is usually based on the first information we learn about them.

3) 關(guān)注’However’，定義往往出現(xiàn)在它后面：

例子：

Emotional Intelligence

We often think of human intelligence as the mental ability to analyze and understand complex ideas. However, many psychologists believe that there is a different type of intelligence called emotional intelligence. People with emotional intelligence have the ability to recognize their true feelings and understand what is causing them… (TPO30)

Target Marketing

Advertisers in the past have used radio and television in an attempt to provide information about their products to large, general audiences; it was once thought that the best way to sell a product was to advertise it to as many people as possible. However, more recent trends in advertising have turned toward target marketing. Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences… (TPO5)

（四）筆記方法：

1.★詞建議完整抄下 －因?yàn)榻?jīng)常會(huì)包含不太熟悉發(fā)音的單詞，完整抄下來(lái)方便回答時(shí)拼讀該詞。

2.S詞建議使用較為固定的一套縮寫(xiě)方法，如：

strategy＝strgy,

phenomenon = phen,

technique = tnq,

tendency = tdcy

process = proc.

3. 從句部分內(nèi)容用括號(hào)，括號(hào)里記錄關(guān)鍵詞，以實(shí)詞為主（本文里不贅述）

例：

1）Target marketing is the strategy of advertising to smaller, very specific audiences. (TPO5)

筆記建議：Target MKT － strgy (ads －小，spcfc audience)

2） One technique, the method of loci (i.e., method of location), is particularly helpful for remembering several pieces of information in a particular order. （TPO45）

筆記建議：Method of loci - tnq (helpfl - rmb +++ pcs info in order)

However, many psychologists believe that there is a different type of intelligence called emotional intelligence. People with emotional intelligence have the ability to recognize their true feelings and understand what is causing them… （TPO30）

筆記建議：Emotional intelligence － ablty （recog true feelins ＋understand caus）

總結(jié)：定義句建議在10-12秒內(nèi)完成，字?jǐn)?shù)應(yīng)該控制在20詞以?xún)?nèi)。學(xué)生在閱讀時(shí)須目的明確，以填充定義句模版的方式，快速尋找所需的定義句三部分信息。